Aurora Research Essay

Our country’s natural resources are the cornerstones of our progress. It is only fitting that we do all that we can to protect and conserve them. The Philippines is a global priority for the conservation of marine biodiversity. The country is also highly dependent on marine resources, with more than one million people directly dependent upon the fisheries sector. BALER, Aurora , Philippines – A marine research center that would conduct continuing research and experimentation on the culture and propagation of native marine species and develop high-value products from endemic marine and aquatic species in the province has been set up in this capital town. Sen. Edgardo Angara said that Aurora Marine Research Center has been established in coordination with; the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, National Museum, Aurora State College of Technology and the Inter-Agency Committee on Marine Research Center. Its 330-kilometer coastline, steady rainfall, rich collection of flora and fauna and Hawaii-like weather, the province has natural growth potentials for fisheries development with the AMRC, a perfect complement to the province rich marine resources. R.A. 9441 authored in the Senate by Angara and in the House of Representatives by House Deputy Majority Leader Juan Edgardo Angara. He said the AMRC would seek t improve existing technology for maximizing income potentials of the coastal community and the fishing industry and encourage the culture of marine species native to the province. He said that major fish species abound in the province from Dilasag to Dingalan such as blue marlin, lobster, octopus, tuna and even reef fishes. In addition, the province has five marine protected areas in Dibut MPA, Dibutunan MPA, Diguisit-Puntin Marine Protected Area and the Ditangol and Mapalad-Dibaray bay Fish Sanctuaries. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: * Weak Institutional and Legal Capacities for Biodiversity in the Philippines * Many species endemic to the country are threatened or endangered. * Exploitation too much of flora, fauna and marine life. * Occurring different effect of climate change to marine biodiversity. * Amid warnings of a new wave of red tide hitting several coastal areas in the Philippines OBJECTIVES: * Provide crucial insight on how to preserve and protect our marine ecosystems. * Create a database containing valuable data on the biodiversity, habitat, abundance, and overall status of the province’s marine resources. * The marine research, with the technical assistance of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture and such other agencies involved in marine research, shall conduct continuing research and experimentation on the culture and propagation of native marine species especially as they apply to the peculiarities and characteristics of local conditions, for the purpose of improving existing technology and for maximizing income potentials of the fishing industry. * Take such steps as may be necessary to encourage the culture of marine species native t o the province and thereby promote and attract investments in this field of economic endeavor by providing through the facilities of the breeding component of the center, the application of the technologies developed by the research component of the center and ensure the ready and steady suppIy of spawners, fries and fingerlings t o those engaged in this industry.

Job Description Essay

In today’s job market there are a lot of demands from employers. The business environment is constantly changing. Your knowledge, skills and abilities have to be able to meet the demands of the job market. Showcasing yourself and the familiarity and the experience with the procedure detail of the job is very important The Job Analysis. Goes hand in hand with a job description. A job description identifies characteristics of the job to be performed in terms of the tasks, duties and responsibilities to be fulfilled. (Youssef, 2010). It is basically a â€Å"snapshot† of a job. The job description needs to communicate clearly and concisely the responsibilities and tasks. (Lindenberger,2011) There are a lot of people competing for the same job. Ultimately who gets hired depends on the most qualified applicant. I would use a job description to make sure I get the most qualified person for the job. The person job fit has to be right has to definitely be compatible. Your skill highlights and the ability to successfully perform the job is a key factor. I would use a competency-based analysis. The potential employee definitely has to be competent enough to perform the qualities and requirements needed to effectively carry out a job like mines. My job description was to me very detailed. It was somewhat intimidating at first but once I got hired, I understood why. I am currently working as Assistant payment worker for the State of Michigan. The tasks and responsibilities is what my job duty requires of me from day to day. Which was very much detailed. It is assisting clients with getting the help they may need and providing resources for them. I assist client’s help with Food, Shelter and medical resources. I often go above and beyond what my tasks and responsibilities that are required of me, because of my human character I often feel sorry to see what people have to go through in this world. Sometimes in the job description you will see what the responsibilities include but are not limited too. So I would want someone dedicated to what there job is, but also a team player and don’t mind going the extra mile. In the end it’s all about customer service. The tools and technology used are also a key factor. Most jobs often require training once hired. But you at least need the basic skills of using computer software. Educational requirements would also be very important on a job analysis. A degree is preferred most of the time when applying for any job in the business field. If not a degree it is important to me, to at lease have a certain amount of college credits. Which is what needed to obtain my job. In order to gain some valuable information about candidates, there are different selection methods that should be used. Selection methods can narrow down potential candidates. (Youseef,2010) The approach and selection method I would use is testing, I think is a good method to use, especially when there are so many applicants applying for the same position. Testing will help to eliminate clients that are not qualified for the job. Testing will reveal how much knowledge a person has with general competency and knowledge needed for the job. The scores will tell it all. The Interview method is also another good method I would consider. Almost any job you apply for, you will have to have an interview, weather its in person or over the telephone. I have to interview clients everyday at my current job, to see if the fit the qualifications of receiving assistance. Being able to look at a person, and have direct interaction is important. When questions are being asked it will sometimes portray how honest a person is. You can tell by the body language or sometimes how directly a person answers a question if they are being truthful or not. It will show confidence. However there are different types of interviews. The one I would use is a panel discussion interview, which is having several interviewers asking questions. That can sometimes make a person really nervous. I know I was, but again if you have the skills and knowledge to prove it, then it shouldn’t be a problem A job description is just what it says, it describes the job. As a competitive employee, make sure you fit that description the best you can.

Arthur Millers play Essay

Arthur Millers play ‘The Crucible’ is, on the surface, a play about a real life historical event that took place in the small American town of Salem in 1692. A mass hysteria gripped the town because of accusations of witchcraft and compacting with the devil. This led to many innocent people being hanged. However, some people believe that if you look deeper into the play you can see clear parallels with 1692 Salem and 1950’s America. After the end of the Second World War most of Europe was devastated and left trying to recover. This left the USA and the USSR as the two dominant superpowers, both of these heavily armed nations were extremely scared of the other attacking them and so came an arms race to try to beat the other side. Diplomatic relations between the two powers broke down and widespread fear of communism took over the USA. So began the ‘Cold War’. Senator Joseph McCarthy set up the House Un-American Committee to root out communists and their sympathisers. This included anyone who had remotely left-wing views. Many actors, writers and musicians were brought before the committee including Miller himself. If you remember a crucible is a dish used to heat out the impurities from metals, you can see how it relates to Proctor in court being ‘heated’ to provide names and confessions. This is much the same as what happened to Miller who was also asked to name names (but refused). To answer the question it has to be remembered that Miller intended that the play be performed on stage and not read like a book. He uses stage directions to convey to the audience some of the feelings characters are experiencing. On page 108 stage directions for Proctor say â€Å"With great force of will, but not quite looking at her†. The shows the audience that Proctor still cannot forgive himself for his affair with Abigail. It also shows the conflict between Proctor and Elizabeth and also Proctor and Abigail. Proctor also has a conflict with Parris, who he correctly believes is an incompetent fool. In addition to this he also has conflict he also a conflict with all the girls because he knows they are faking the whole thing. Miller shows this by having Proctor go to court to try and prove the girls liars. He brings Mary Warren into Court saying, â€Å"She never saw no spirits†. He also has conflicts with judges Haythorne and Danforth. On page 113 he says â€Å"I speak my own sins, I cannot judge another. (Crying out with hatred)† The stage directions for this quote clearly shows this conflict. These conflicts are all of one particular type, conflicts with other people, except for the conflicts with Judges Haythorne and Danforth who could also represent Proctors conflicts with Authority.  Reverend Hale has a conflict with Proctor because he believes that Proctor should sign the confession to live and not die for his pride. At one point he shows his anger at Proctors decision to tear up his confession says â€Å"Man, you will hang! You cannot!.  A lot of characters especially Proctor have conflicts with authority. Proctor has a huge conflict with the courts and also the church, although the two are very close together. This is where Miller uses him to explore his own conflict with McCarthyism and his own experiences before the House Un-American Committee. On page 114 stage directions for Proctor read â€Å"Proctor has finished signing when Danforth reaches for the paper. But Proctor snatches it up and now a wild terror is rising in him, and a boundless anger† this shows very much how much Proctor hates the courts and could also show us something of Millers feelings towards McCarthyism. This is because both Proctor and Miller know that the courts/government are almost trying to bribe people into giving the names of others even if the others are innocent people that are being named to get them out of trouble or being named for some kind of revenge purpose. To add to his long list of conflicts Proctor also has a conflict within himself about whether or now he should sign the confession and name people to save his life or to protect others and his honour and die. Miller also faced this (although he was only threatened with jail not death) but like Proctor he refused to name people and escaped without severe punishment.  Elizabeth Proctor also has conflicts within herself as to whether or not to help John Proctor in his decision to sign the paper or not. In the end she does not help him and he must do it himself. This may show how alone you could feel when being questioned about your â€Å"Un-American Activities† in 1950’s/60’s America. In the end of the play Proctor is hung for not confessing or naming names. This ending solves many of the conflicts in the play. It solves all Proctors conflicts with people and authority and also other people conflicts with him. However it could spark of new conflicts within people such as the girls who faked the whole thing and must be wondering whether they should have said something before people were killed or whether to say something now. I think Miller is using his characters to show us different conflicts in society and the problems with people and how they can do things they ordinarily wouldn’t to gain an advantage or to escape trouble. He also uses the conflicts to show problems with high authority and how they could collapse if they were revealed to be wrong about serious things like the witch trials. I think Miller is trying to tell us something we should all probably learn from.

Chinas Access to Globalization after Tiananmen Incident Essay

Chinas Access to Globalization after Tiananmen Incident - Essay Example Accordingly, many scholars have proposed that examples such as territorial disputes have independently shown the impact of internal factions/factors has with respect to the authority of the People’s Republic of China within the modern era. With all of this in mind, it is essential to analyze the domestic situation within China since 1989 as a means of providing a seamless level of logic with regards to explicating the way which China has engaged with the world and has engaged with a level of globalization. Since 1989, the CCP has promoted its fundamental goal as ensuring its continued survival and preservation within the People’s Republic of China. As such, leadership within the CCP have viewed the â€Å"China model† and specific economic developments, as an interval complement of how this goal can be realized and affected. In such a manner, the corresponding thread of similarity that connects the China model, Chinese foreign policy, and the historical background that is been reference is the legitimacy crisis and the means through which this political entity can continue to stay relevant. As can clearly be noted, the legitimacy of any political group, and its right to power, is predicated partially upon economic growth and the overall well-being, or sense of well-being, that exists within the society that it directs/oversees. The balancing act that the CCP has found itself engaged in is one in which the development of the economy and incremental reforms does not create an untenable situation; or one that would ultimately result in the dissolution or illegitimacy of the party. Accordingly, this particular dissertation will be presented in four unique sections.  

Protectionism in the U.S Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Protectionism in the U.S - Term Paper Example A trade barrier is a general expression that illustrates any government policy or regulation that limits international trade, the barriers can take many forms, including: Import duties Import licenses Export licenses Quotas Tariffs Subsidies Tariffs, which are taxes on trade in of supplies into a country or region, are among the oldest forms of government intervention in financial activity. They are implemented for two clear economic purposes. First, they grant revenue for the government. Second, they get better economic returns to firms and suppliers of resources to a domestic industry that faces competition from foreign imports. Tariffs are broadly used to protect domestic producers’ incomes from foreign competition. This fortification comes at an economic cost to domestic consumers who pay higher prices for import challenging goods and to the economy as a whole through the inefficient allocation of resources to the import-competing domestic industry. Therefore, since 1948, when average tariffs on manufactured goods surpass 30 percent in most developed economies, those economies have sought to reduce tariffs on manufactured goods through several rounds of discussions under the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade . â€Å"Non-tariff barriers include "non-science based sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards, customs procedures, government monopolies and lack of transparency in regulations†. Some non-tariff trade barriers are mainly acceptable in very partial circumstances when they are measured necessary to keep health, safety, or sanitation. Non-tariff barriers to trade can be: State subsidies, procurement, trading, and ownership. National regulations on health, safety, employment. Product Classification. Quotas. Foreign Exchange: controls and multiplicity. Over elaborate or inadequate infrastructure. 'Buy national' policy. Intellectual property laws (patents and copyrights). Bribery and corruption. Unfair customs procedures.

Dome of the rock-research chorniclers and pilgrims narratives through Essay

Dome of the rock-research chorniclers and pilgrims narratives through the time period of the structure and religious changes mainly through the time 600-1244 - Essay Example Islam as a religion has been faced with massive dissent and this has influenced its historical development as a religion found within the Middle East. During the time of Muhammad, Muslims would pray facing Jerusalem as it was considered as the Theqibla. However, the growth of other monotheist religions who believed that Jerusalem was the holy city influenced the decision of the prophet to change and begin paying pilgrimage to mecca. In the 17th century, the rivalry between the Muslims led to division and this prompted Chaliph Abd El-Malik to discourage his followers from paying pilgrimage to mecca, leading to a shift to Jerusalem among this faction (Kaplony 91). To strengthen the use of Jerusalem as the direction to face during prayers, the leader built the dome of the rock believing that this will assist him in convincing most of his followers to change. The establishment of the dome within Jerusalem, a city revered by Muslims created controversies and wars but the Muslims were able to retain their symbolic image in the city after enduring the impacts of the wars. Accessibility into the dome of the rock has been restricted for a long time though it has been considered as a tourist site in the country. Before 1967, non-Muslims were not granted access into the mosque though this was changed and limited access has been allowed to other people under strict supervision of security officers. Palestinian residents have been restricted from accessing the site due to security concerns that have existed within the west bank area (Pringle 43). However, Palestinian-Israelis are allowed to access the dome without limitation though security checks are beefed up to avoid the possibility of an attack. Access of the dome of the rock or the mosque’s prayer area is prohibited for non-Muslims during prayer days and on Muslim holy days. Though tourists have flocked the area to witness the magnificent structure, the Jewish orthodox rabbis

Prerogative Powers in The Context of The UK Constitution Essay

Prerogative Powers in The Context of The UK Constitution - Essay Example The British constitution (comprising of a set of guiding principles and laws) is derived from a large number of sources that include: Royal prerogative powers Conventions Statute EU Treaties Common law Authoritative statements made in print, as in law books. Royal prerogative laws existed prior to the current form of the UK parliament. Officially, the right to exercise prerogative laws are retained by the Queen. However, in actual practice Ministers of the Crown, which comprise of the British Cabinet, exercise majority of these laws. The powers, as vested by the royal prerogative laws, are termed as Royal prerogative powers. On the other hand, statutes are laws that are passed by the UK Parliament; hence, they refer to laws  that are considered as the highest form of law for all governmental activities. This essay briefly examines differences that exist between Royal prerogative powers and statutory powers, while analysing and deriving that prerogative powers in their current form are not compatible as regards executive accountability, and needs modification to ensure better governance. Discussion Prerogative powers and statutory powers: The  royal prerogative  is a set of established privileges, immunities and authority, acknowledged in the  UK  as the sole right of the Sovereign. A majority of the  executive  powers, vested in the queen and exercised by the UK cabinet, have been accorded under the royal prerogative laws. Historically during middle ages in the UK, the king used royal prerogative powers to enforce his will during the process of decision-making, which purportedly aimed at public good. However, from 19th century, various reforms took place and by convention, it became compulsory to take into account the  advice given by Ministers of the Crown or the Prime Minister, who in turn are accountable to the UK Parliament for their decision while exercising prerogative powers.2 Under the constitution, the queen retains his or her powers to exercise Royal Prerogative laws against the advice of the UK Cabinet or the Prime Minister, however in actual practice the queen can only act as such during emergencies or where there are no precedent cases that can be applied suitably to that specific situation. Currently, the royal prerogative laws encompass various areas that are significant and critical to the United Kingdom, including country’s security, defence, and foreign affairs. While the queen’s name is officially present in all the aforementioned areas, in reality she exercises very little power, because currently royal prerogative power is vested mainly in the hands of the Cabinet ministers and the prime minister. While delineating prerogative powers, there have been difficulties in giving it a clear definition. As the Select Committee on Public Administration  Fourth Report  framed it in their review, â€Å"The royal prerogative itself is a notoriously difficult concept to define adequately.

The Journey Through the River Valley of Manaus - the aim of the poem Personal Statement

The Journey Through the River Valley of Manaus - the aim of the poem - Personal Statement Example And I know from that day forth it was their very best year To have been freed from the hands of Margarethe De La Rue 40 If you had been there you would have seen it, too. And that is my story of my journey through the river valley of Manaus And how I freed the courtesans of the Amazon's "Pink House." This is the process of how I created my poem. The aim of this poem, The Journey Through the River Valley of Manaus, was to tell a humorous story, primarily, although, that was not the only one. I also wrote to entertain, as well as for personal enjoyment, because I happened to enjoy writing this particular piece. The metre was irregular, and the stanza form was A-B throughout. I kept the voice of the poem in first person because there is more personalism in that tense, I believe. My choice of language was helped by using two rhyming dictionaries.1 I only used repetition when talking about the journey of Manaus, and I think my best imagery in the whole poem dealt with regards to describing what the women in the Pink House were wearing (pearls, silk, and the like). I think, technically, this poem is the best that I am capable of doing as far as rhyme, imagery, and voice are concerned. I could probably do better as far as metre were concerned if I were classically trained in writing Sha kespearean quatrains, but alas, I have not the discipline or interest in writing such a poem frought in tedium. I know that must sound horribly cold and disrespectful to Shakespeare and those who appreciate his work, as do I, but I don't care to try to attempt something I know I'm not good at. I believe this poem is generally free of commonplace and hackneyed images, save for perhaps the mention of Christopher...I think, technically, this poem is the best that I am capable of doing as far as rhyme, imagery, and voice are concerned. I could probably do better as far as metre were concerned if I were classically trained in writing Shakespearean quatrains, but alas, I have not the discipline or interest in writing such a poem frought in tedium. I know that must sound horribly cold and disrespectful to Shakespeare and those who appreciate his work, as do I, but I don't care to try to attempt something I know I'm not good at. I believe this poem is generally free of commonplace and hackn eyed images, save for perhaps the mention of Christopher Columbus. I know he is mentioned in quite a few poems. Perhaps he is considered an unnecessary abstraction, I'm not sure. I meant the Columbus reference only as an aside to demonstrate an example of people having gone on journeys, and I thought Columbus was particularly cogent to use since he had traveled to Latin America before. I don't think I've used any unnecessary inversions in the poem, or at least, if I have they are minimally invasive. I tried not to overload the poem with too many adjectives. If I have, that is my fault and my fault alone.

Facebook Marketing Should Be Used For Business Research Paper

Facebook Marketing Should Be Used For Business - Research Paper Example Therefore, Facebook is one of the marketing tools that organizations can apply to advertise their products, and inform their customer on their brand offering. Nevertheless, there are advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of Facebook as a marketing tool for organizations. Thus, this discussion seeks to analyze the application of Facebook as a marketing tool for businesses. First, the greatest advantage offered by Facebook marketing for business is its accessibility to many prospective customers. Facebook hit one billion active users by September 2012, creating a platform that has among the highest number of people interacting throughout the world (One Billion Factsheet, n.p.). Therefore, the application of Facebook as a Marketing tool for business will be advantageous, considering that it will be possible for the business to reach many customers, since Facebook offers the platform where a business can interact with over one billion customers in form of individuals, grou ps and corporate, thus providing the best target market platform that any business can reach. (Treanor, n.p.). In addition, by September, 2012, Facebook reached a high of 140.3 billion active subscribers with friendship connections throughout the world, making Facebook one of the interconnected platforms that any business can apply to advertise its products, and thus reach many customers, through the friendship interconnections (One Billion Factsheet, n.p.). Further, Facebook has become a major trend in the world, with the 2012 Social Media Marketing Industry Report indicating that 94% of all organizations that have an advertising department are utilizing social media as one of their major marketing tool, with 60% of such business dedicating time that is equivalent to full day, in developing social media marketing, as well as maintaining it (Bosari, n.p.). Secondly, in addition to being a highly accessible social networking platform, Facebook combines the advantages of word-of-mouth advertising with the ability to interconnect links and thus enable the prospective customers to view the advertisement, as well as the news related to the business, its products and services (Kang, 22). Word-of-mouth advertising remains one of the most effective advertising mode that customers are well acquitted with, and Facebook allows individuals to share information regarding the existence of a business and its products through sharing such information, using the share option that is offered by Facebook, where individuals can share any useful information with their friends who are on the same social media network (Treanor, n.p.). Therefore, Facebook offers an opportunity where businesses can create a fan page, and then share the same with people and groups who are on the same social network or even those who are in other different social networks, thus building up an interconnection that would allow the company, its brand and services to be viewed by millions of customers, who will in turn make purchase decisions regarding the same, based on the information provided by the business in their fan page (Bosari, n.p.). The other reason why Facebook should be used by businesses for marketing is the fact that; it is one of the few marketing tool that combines the advantage of visual, audio and written media, making it one of the favorite platform for advertisers (Kang, 47). When most of the mass and print media offers either audio-visual or print advertisement, Facebook combines

Shewin Memorandum 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shewin Memorandum 2 - Assignment Example She has worked for The Blabber, a newspaper in Atlanta for a period of 10 years. She started working for the organization as an entry-level researcher and after two years, she was promoted to the position of junior-level reporter. Two years letter, she rose to senior-level reporter, a position that she has held for a period of six years. For the first eight years of her employment, Shewin worked under the supervision of George Doright. However, in the last two years, Blabber underwent reorganization and Doright was transferred to another division in the organization. After the reorganization, Shewin started to report to Arthur King, the senior editor of the company. After the reorganization, two editors were retired and Shewin applied for the position but she was denied the opportunity of assuming the positions. Actually, she was interviewed for one position but was not offered the jobs that she believed she had met their qualifications. In the past month, she applied for a position of junior editor because her qualification matched with the requirements of the advertised job. However after the interview with Mr.King, she was not offered the position. ... According to Shewin, there are several factors that may have played a key part in her failure to secure promotions despite the fact that she had good qualification and extensive work experience. For instance, only three women hold positions in upper management levels and were promoted before the reorganization. Her new manager, King was not involved in their promotion decision and seems to be against the female gender. This is further compounded by the fact that he had been making sexist comments that were offensive to a number of women and some men. For example, he was on record abusing a pregnant reporter. King tried to seduce Shewin, but she declined the overtures and believed that it might be the reason why she did not get the jobs she applied for. Further, he predicaments could be attributed the fact that there are only five African Americans top manager hence bringing about the issue of race in job promotions. Before reorganization and the transfer of Mr.Doright, Shewin filed a complaint against some of her male workmates who had the habit of discussing explicitly about their personal weekend romantic adventures on Monday mornings. Although the conversation did not address her, they were offensive and after she reported to Mr.Doright, he warned the employees to stop the habit. However, when Arthur King became the senior manager, the old behavior of her male colleagues reverted and even after Shewin reported the irresponsible conversation to King, he took no action and seemed to approve it even though he did not participate directly in the conversation. However, Shewin seems to be worried of her age and fears that at forty, she may never get a promotion. This is further

DNA Sampling Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DNA Sampling - Case Study Example The police, because of legal concerns, refuse to pursue this lead by acquiring samples from each of the thousands of persons of interest to it. The investigators' second-best lead was the footage shot at a truck stop on the night Falconio vanished. Bradley Murdoch was interviewed because his appearance and match with truck video, and passed over for DNA sampling. But Murdoch provided an apparent excuse to the police and he was declared innocent. After six months, the Broome police pulled over Murdoch's former flat mate and business partner, James Hepi. This was Taskforce Regulus' third big break, after the t-shirt DNA and the truck stop video. As a consequence of Hepi's arrest, the police was offered the identity of the suspected killer of Falconio. In Australia, arrest and DNA sampling powers are typically restricted by a requirement that the police have objective investigation specific justification for using force. Murdoch was deliberately avoiding the Falconio investigators, so it was doubtful that, even if they found him, they can not touch him without his consent. At the same time Hepi was a first-time informant and, moreover, had much to gain (and nothing to lose) from pointing Murdoch. Without any grounds to trust Hepi himself, Taskforce Regulus took considerable efforts to verify claims made by Hepi. But every claim proved to be off-key. According to Senior Sergeant Megan Rowe, the head of Taskforce Regulus' intelligence cell, Murdoch was the only man not 'eliminated' out of the nominated by the public as men in the truck stop video, hot prospects identified by Rowe, and persons 'of interest' to the investigation. Hepi's tips were of some hope, but Taskforce Regulus' ability to lawfully take Murdoch's DNA sample, once he was found, was in doubt. So Taskforce Regulus opted for a different way of testing Murdoch's link to the t-shirt smudge. They approached Murdoch's older brother, Gary, for his DNA sample. Gary's consent for sampling yielded a partial DNA match. The partial match - to be expected if a blood relative of Gary's was the source of the smudge - was certainly enough, in combination with the other information gathered by Taskforce Regulus, to objectively narrow the investigators' suspicions to Murdoch himself. But, when Murdoch was located, two weeks later, none of the information gathered by the investigato rs was used, because of some legal concern, to justify either his arrest or the taking of his DNA sample. A phone call on 28 August 2002 was the final major break in the Falconio case. A mother and her daughter had been raped and kidnapped by Murdoch a week earlier. After this call Murdoch was arrested, and thus provided a new way for lawfully acquiring his DNA sample. However, the Australian jurisdictions require that the objective justification for a proposed DNA sampling should cover, not only who is sampled but also the investigative utility of sampling. So, to force Murdoch to provide a DNA sample to investigate the allegations by the mother and daughter, the police needed reasonable grounds to expect that obtaining Murdoch's DNA sample would make a difference to that investigation. DNA sample of a suspect rapist

The Relationships Among the Four Functions Essay Example for Free

The Relationships Among the Four Functions Essay The four functions of management are planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling. These functions are interrelated because the performance of one depends on the performance of its predecessor. While each is equally important on its own, I believe that the functions are a part of a process that must be viewed and implemented as a whole. First, planning involves choosing the tasks that are to be performed to meet the organization’s goals. Next is organizing, which is the process of assigning the tasks to the people responsible for getting the job done. Then there is influencing which is the guiding of the activities of the people assigned toward a desired end. And finally, there is controlling the process of gathering and comparing information to determine whether a project, or organization, is on track or needs improvement. Once you have done the planning, and organized the players to complete the tasks, you must influence the players by getting them to buy-in your plan. In this function you are being more of a â€Å"coach† than anything. A manager’s influence over the personnel assigned and how they approach the organizations goals is key. How to motivate, lead, or direct them toward the goals is the primary goal. In a sense, influencing is a way you can obtain the fourth and final function, controlling. The fourth function, controlling, involves possible modification to existing plans, organizational structure, or the motivation system used to develop a more successful effort. Being able to measure the performance of the personnel who have responsibility for the assigned tasks, will enable one to compare this to expected standards, then either influence them towards more positive gains, plan additional tasks, or continue to monitor progress towards goals. As you can see, each of the functions, while separate, are inextricably intertwined and necessary for the effective management of a project, or the organization as a whole.

Tax Exemption of Athletic Associations and Universities

Tax Exemption of Athletic Associations and Universities Should Professional Athletic Associations and Private Universities be Tax-Exempt? Introduction/Historical Background In the United States, the origins of the tax-exempt sector long predate the republic (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 125.) Without an established framework of government, the early colonist formed many charitable and other voluntary organizations to confront a variety of issues (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 125.) Now, almost three centuries after the formulation of the republic, the tax-exempt sector still plays a major role within public administration, especially in the fulfillment of public services. However, in regards to some organizations within the tax-exempt sector, it is becoming seemingly more difficult to understand what public purpose it serves. While many nonprofit organizations are performing acts that are beneficial to the general public, others are not. According to Edward T. Pound, a U.S. News reporter, the PGA Tour Inc. grosses nearly $180 million a year from their sponsorship of the mens pro golf tour (Pound.) Yet, due to the PGA Tour Inc.s nonprofit status, the corporation does not pay any federal tax on tour operations (Pound.) The National Center for Charitable Statistics reports that there is nearly 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered within the United States as of 2013(nccs.urban.org.) The rapid growth within the nonprofit sector does not come without its consequences. The Internal Revenue Service has conducted numerous investigations on groups like the National Football League and Childrens Television Workshop for violations such as, excessive com pensation of Congressmen (Pound.) Actions like these are leading many to question why some organizations are considered for considered to be a tax-exempt organization. By examining the nonprofit sector from a historical perspective and possessing a basic understanding of 501 (c) organizations, one can better determine for oneself whether or not certain organizations should be tax-exempt. For one to truly understand todays current nonprofit sector, it is important to know a brief history of the role of the tax-exempt sector within American history. First, there are two main types of voluntary organizations: public serving and member serving. While these two voluntary organizations found great success in early colonial settlements, with hospitals and education, the tax code for these voluntary organizations was not developed until 1894. Furthermore, before the 1950s, tax-exempt organizations could earn tax-free income from both mission-related activities and commercial business activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 127.) It was not until the Revenue Act of 1954 that the modern tax code for voluntary organizations was established, including section 501(c) for tax exempt organizations (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 127.) In order for an organization to qualify for tax-exempt status, the organization must display that its purpose serves the public good as opposed to private interest (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 129.) Figures show that between the 1985 and 2004 Tax Years, the private foundation segment of the tax-exempt sector experienced significant growth (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 131.) From 1985 to 2004, the number of 501(c) 3 public charities in the United States nearly tripled (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 130.) Now, even today, the tax-exempt sector continues to grow in size and activities, while new tax-exempt organizations continue to emerge (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 135.) Argument Against Tax-Exemption for Athletic Associations and some Universities The tax-exempt sector has drastically changed throughout the past three decades. The rapid increase in number of tax-exempt organizations, along with an evolving tax code, has caused for a lack in governmental transparency in regards to organizations. For example, the National Football League grosses over $9.5 billion dollars per year, but was exempt from federal taxes until 2015 when the NFL voluntarily gave away its tax-exempt status (Isidore 2015). During its time as a nonprofit, the NFL earned more than the Y, the Red Cross, the Salvation Army or Catholic Charities- yet it was able to stand as one of the greatest profit-generatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦media enterprises ever created (Watson.) In a survey conducted by Fairleigh Dickinson University, only 13 percent of people could identify the NFL as a nonprofit (Jenkins.) While the NFL has since forfeited its tax-exempt status, there are other athletic organization who is nonprofit status is still under question. Other athletic groups li ke the National Hockey League, National College Athletic Association, Professional Golfers Association Tour, and the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association are also under fire. Senator Tom Coburn is calling for legislation that would eliminate any athletic league that grosses more than $10 million to no longer be tax-exempt under 501(c) 6. The Senator wrote, Americans are paying artificially high rates in order to subsidize special breaks for sports leagues (Coburn.) While the NFL has now voluntarily forfeited its tax-exemption, it is still important to question why the organization was ever tax-exempt to begin with and apply the same thoughts to other groups that are still tax-exempt. Tax-exemption for multi-million dollar athletic association seems obscene, especially with some groups approach towards social issues. Before voluntarily giving up their tax-exempt status, U.S. Sen. Maria Cantwell proposed legislation calling to revoke the NFLs nonprofit status after the leagues failure to properly address issues of domestic violenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and the response to the Washington teams refusal to change its nickname (Mandell, Scott.) Cantwell stated, American taxpayers should not be forced to subsidize a $9 billion league that promotes a dictionary-defined racial slur (Mandell, Scott.) Many wonder how these athletic associations even fit into the tax code to begin with. According to USA TODAY Sports Brent Schrotenboer, the NFL has been tax-exempt since the 1940s. In 1966, Congress amended the law to list professional football leagues as a 501 (c) 6 organization in exchange for monetary pledges and the promise to build a New Orleans franchise (Mandell, Scott). While the NFL is an easy organization to examine, the same thought can be applied to most other professional athletic associations that are also exempt from taxes. Yet, athletic associations are not the only group in question for its tax-exempt status. It has long been an understanding that educational institutions are exempt of federal income tax, but some are beginning to question if that should always be the case. In the summer of 2013, residents of Princeton came together to sue the prestigious university that resides in their town (Pierson, Riley). The town residents argued that the school, Princeton University, should no longer be entitled to its tax-exempt status due to its endowment, scientific patents, events, and more (Pierson, Riley). The Ivy League school is operating like a business, the plaintiffs say, so the tax code should treat it like one (Pierson, Riley). The lawsuit claims that in 2011, the university took in over $115 million from scientific patents, which it then put $35 million in the hands of varying faculty members. The residents lawyer said, People in Princeton pay at least one-third more in taxes because the universit y has been exempt all these years (Pierson, Riley). Princeton is not the only university experiencing backlash from its local community. The mayor of Providence, Rhode Island, home to Brown University, also wants to increase the universitys tax payments. At a press conference, Mayor Angel Tarveras said, It takes the revenue collected from 19,00 taxpayers to account for the $38 million in property taxes not paid by Brown University (Pierson, Riley.) Yet, as communities continue to struggle to fund public services, some find it difficult to understand why well-off schools and universities are tax-exempt. In 2004 alone, educational institutions held six of the top ten positions for public charities within the United States (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 131.) Yet, many of these well-off educational institutions do little to financially support the local community, even though the schools benefit from many of its local public services (Pierson, Riley.) Some universities like John Hopkins, Yale, and Duke have worked out pilot deals in lieu of paying taxes (Pierson, Riley.) But even these donations fall well below what the school would owe in taxes (Pierson, Riley.) Counter Argument for Athletic Assoc. and Universities and their Tax-Exemption According to Judith Long, professor of sports management at the University of Michigan, the tax-exempt status of athletic associations is irrelevant (Long 2014). The government does not stand to gain significant financial revenue by revoking the tax-exempt status of athletic associations. Much of the furor in the current debate over the nonprofit status of professional sports is driven by misplaced perceptions that the revenues earned by these organizations are not taxed (Long 2014). The large salaries of associate executives are still taxed later through individual taxes, as well as many of the major league teams who are apart of the association (Long 2014). In addition, Long notes that, many nonprofit sports leagues and associations operate either at a deficit or just about break-even, leaving little or no income tax(2014). Thus, revoking the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations would not yield as much revenue as one would think. Focusing on the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations masks many of the real burdens these groups place on the American taxpayer. For example, we continue to permit the use of federal tax-exempt bonds to fund new stadiums and arenas, and cities across America routinely grant relief from property taxes for pro-facilities (Long 2014). Where the revenue the government stands to gain from revoking the tax-exempt status of professional associations stands to be around $110 million within the first decade, these grants relief from property taxes has cost to be in the billions over the last decade (Long 2014). Therefore, the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations is not the biggest way in which the government is losing revenue from these groups. Evaluating the tax-exempt status of private universities is different than examining that of professional athletic associations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Colleges and universities provide value to students and society. We generate direct economic activity from capital investments, ongoing operations, and student and visitor spending. We provide cultural opportunities to residents and support community initiatives and volunteer work (Kaplan 2015). While universities may not pay property taxes, some of them participate in payment in lieu of taxes (PILOT) programs (Kaplan 2015). According to a study conducted by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in 2011, the PILOTs collectively across the United States were worth over $92 million with most of the money coming from colleges and universities (Kaplan 2015). While universities may not be paying property tax, they are a mission-based organization thats purpose is to provide a great benefit to society. Critique of Both Arguments Like any good topic, theres always two ways to sides to the argument. Here, one is presented with the issue of whether or not professional athletic associations and private universities should be receiving tax-exempt status. To me, comparing the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations to private universities is like comparing apples to oranges. I believe the argument for keeping private universities is far superior to counter argument. While private universities like Brown and Princeton have significant funds and endowments that could be taxed to benefit the local community, universities provide so much value to a city. For example, communities benefit, some more than others, in tourism revenue just by default of having a college in their town. In addition, like previously said in the counter argument, universities benefit the community through volunteerism and threw many on-campus organizations. In addition, I believe that higher education being tax-exempt allows the government to take an important stance. The cost of education is too for most students and families, making many students take out loans just to pay for school. By having education be tax-exempt, I believe that the government is sending a message that education provides a great service and benefit to us all. While I believe in private educations tax-exempt status and the message it sends, I do not believe that professional athletic associations like the NHL and PGA should be tax-exempt. While a strong counter can be found as the why the tax-exempt status of these organizations is irrelevant, I still feel that it sends the wrong message and is unfair to the American taxpayer. The PGA grosses nearly $180 million a year in sponsorship, yet they are tax-exempt (Pound). To me, that is almost immoral of the government to do. Non-profits are meant to be mission-serving organizations that provide a beneficial service to their community; however, I see no benefit to the community by these organizations tax-exempt status. With the national debt continuing to rise, one would think the government would be taking any rightful cent they could get. Athletic leagues and some universities are just two examples of nonprofits that can be seen as questionable by the American people. In addition, I think it is important for the government to be transparent and really take into consideration the mission of the organization before verifying a group as tax-exempt. Keeping valuable tax dollars from the government and the American people is unfair, especially when it comes to athletic organizations that earn billions of dollars a year. With people struggling to simply pay for daily necessities, it is time for the government to reevaluate the current tax codes, and allow for more government transparency Conclusion To conclude, after presenting a basic history of nonprofit organizations and its tax codes, one can better determine whether or not specific groups should be considered a tax-exempt organization in todays society. As history has progressed, it is becoming seemingly more difficult to see what public purpose certain groups are serving. The NHL and the PGA Tour Inc., for example, are making millions of dollars a year, yet they pay no federal income tax on its revenue. Congressmen see the fault in the tax-exempt status of these athletic organizations, but no progress is being made. Moreover, this shows a lack of transparency within in government, with a study finding of nearly 87% people being unaware of the NFLs tax-exempt status. Yet, athletic organizations are not the only group being scrutinized for its nonprofit status. Educational institutions are beginning to feel the backlash as well. Schools such as Princeton and Brown are coming under pressure by their communities to pay proper ty tax. The reason they dont dates back to 1917 whenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ educational institutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦operated on a far more modest scale (Piereson and Riley.) Sometimes, it is difficult to see the public purpose of certain organizations within the tax-exempt sector. While there are countless nonprofits performing beneficial public services, others can be harder to justify. In the future, I believe the government should not be allowing professional athletic associations to be tax-exempt. While the potential revenue increase is modest, it is still helping taxpayers. However, when it comes to the tax exemption of private universities, I am neutral or even in support of their status. Educational institutions bring great value to community, and I believe they provide a great service to the American people. Non-profits provide a great service to our country and in aiding public administrators. Thus, we should not take the status of the tax-exempt sector lightly. Works Cited US Nonprofit Sector. National Center for Charitable Statistics/US Nonprofit Sector. Arnsberger, P., Ludlum, M., Riley, M., and Stranton, M. A History of the Tax-Exempt Sector: An SOI Perspective The Nature of the Nonprofit Sector. Ed. J. Steven Ott and Lisa A. Dicke. 125-135. Coburn, T. The NFL Doesnt Need Tax-Exempt Status. US News. U.S. News World Report, 30 Nov. 2013. Hopkins, B., Gross, V. The Legal Framework of the Nonprofit Sector in the United States The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 43-52. Isidore, C. NFL gives up tax exempt status. CNN Money. 28 April 2015 Jenkins, K. Your Tax Dollars into NFL Owners Pockets? PublicMind Polling, Market Analysis. Fairleigh Dickinson University, 24 Jan. 2014 Kaplan, S. Losing tax exemptions would chill higher ed. The University Business. 23 September 2013. Long, J.   Ending Sports Leagues Tax-Exempt Status Might Not Bring In More Money. New York Times. 3 September 2014. Mandell, N. and Scott, N. Why the NFL Probably Wont Lose Its Tax-Exempt Status. USA Today. USA Today, 23 Sept. 2014 Piereson, J. and Riley, NS.,Why Shouldnt Princeton Pay Taxes? WSJ. Wall Street Journal, 19 Aug. 2013 Pound, ET., and Cohen, G. Tax Exempt! (Cover Story).U.S. News World Report 119.13 (1995): 36. Academic Search Premier. Watson, T. The Real Super Bowl Question: Should the NFL be a Nonprofit? Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 30 Jan.2014

HPV Infection and Associated Cancers

HPV Infection and Associated Cancers 1.0 Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus that is spread through genital and skin-to-skin contact [1]. Its infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world [1] and accounts for 561200 representing 5.2% of all cancer cases worldwide [2, 3]. Over 290 million HPV infections are recorded worldwide annually [4] and the prevalence of HPV vary from 14% to over 90% [5]. Currently, over 170 HPV-types have been identified and designated with numbers [6-8] and at least forty are transmitted through genital contact [9]. The virus can also be transmitted through skin-to-skin sexual contact (regardless of penetration), mucous membranes or bodily fluids, oral sex and mutual masturbation (genital fondling) [10]. HPV affects only humans [11]. When the HPV virus comes in contact with human cells, it may bring about changes to the cell called lesions which may lead to the development of tumors [6]. High-risk HPV-types (hrHPV) (aka oncogenic HPV-types) are able t o incorporate themselves into the cell DNA and transform its behavior in a way that results in cancer whereas low-risk HPV-types (aka non-oncogenic HPV-types) do not cause cancer [10]. HPV infection is most common in young men and women in their teens and early 20s [11]. Authors of the HPV Infection and Transmission among Couples through Heterosexual activity (HITCH) cohort study reported an HPV infection of more than 56% in young adults in relatively new sexual relationships and more than half (44%) were infected with oncogenic HPV-types. In the early 2000s, about 6.2 million new cases of HPV infection were recorded in America of which 74% occurred in 15 to 24-year olds [12].   A systematic review of more than 40 studies by Dunne et al (2006) showed that HPV prevalence estimates vary from 1.3% to 72.9% amongst studies of multiple sites and 56% of them reported a prevalence of more than 20% [13]. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and usually resolve on their own over the course of weeks [14]. For example, HPV-5 may cause infections that may linger for a very long time in an infected person without showing any clinical symptoms [9]. However, when an HPV infection does not resolve naturally, it may result in malignancies including genital warts (small or large, raised or flat or even shaped-like-a-cauliflower bumps or groups of bumps around the genital region) [9] and precancerous lesions [15]. While HPV-1/2 causes common warts (usually found on the hands, feet and sometimes knees and elbows), HPV-6/11 causes Recursive Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) (when warts are formed on the larynx [16] or other sites on the respiratory tract) [17, 18]. These warts recur very often and obstruct breathing [17]. Another major symptom of HPV infection is that it is strongly related to cancer, specifically cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, oropharynx, anus and penis [2, 3] (For details refer to Section 1.1). One common feature of these cancers involves the transmission of HPV infection to the stratified epithelial tissue (a multilayered cell with every cell in direct contact with a basement membrane that separates it from a connective underlying tissue) [2, 14 -15]. The first section of this chapter of this thesis, section 1.1, briefly introduces all cancers associated with and attributable to HPV infection as reported in [2, 3]. Definition of HPV-associated and HPV-attributable cancers are also given in the same section. This is particularly important as a clear inclusion or exclusion criteria is set for cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus and penis as defined by their causal methods which are HPV-inspired or otherwise. Subsections 1.11 to 1.16 are devoted to respectively discussing all six cancers. In these subsections, actual definitions of cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus and penis will be provided as well as their composition by specific anatomical region. The relationship between HPV and these cancers will also be provided in these subsections as well as a brief history. Section 1.2 will provide a detailed discussion regarding international trends in the incidence rates of these HPV-associated cancers. Section 1.3 will disc uss the behavior of the incidence rates in Canada as established in Canadian literature and will, therefore, show why this thesis seeks to explore the behavior of incidence rates of HPV-associated cancers in Canada using Canada-wide data. Finally, section 1.4 will itemize the research questions in this thesis. 1.1 HPV-associated Cancers When most people think of an HPV infection, they might think of cervical cancer. However, one must be careful because they is a growing subset of non-cervical cancers extensively established as strongly linked to HPV infection and the proportion of these cancers vary by anatomical site [3]. These cancers include cancer of the oropharynx as well as those in the genital region (i. e. vagina, anus, vulva and penis) [19]. Current data reveal that HPV-infection is associated with 12%-63% of oropharyngeal cancers, 40%-64% of vaginal cancers, 40%-51% of vulvar cancers, 36%-40% of penile cancers and 90%-93% of anal cancers [3, 20] and 100% of cervical cancer cases are attributable to HPV [21]. The difference in HPV-attributable proportions for these non-cervical cancers partly results from inherent differences in the methods of detecting cancer, differences in geographic locations in HPV-attributable populations [22]. Other potential reasons for differences in HPV proportions are because som e studies report on individuals currently having a detectable infection while others report on individuals who have ever had a detectable infection and also there are differences in the HPV strain tested for by different studies [23]. An HPV-associated cancer is a specific cellular type of cancer that is diagnosed in a particular part of the human body where HPV is found [9]. The virus is often found in the vulva, vagina, cervix, rectum, anus and oropharynx [23, 24]. Several studies including [24] have shown that the incidence rates of HPV-associated anal and rectal cancers are similar, so from-here-on-in, rectal cancer will be assumed to have an analogous incidence distribution as anal cancer. Cancer-based registries (CBRs) identify diagnosed cases by using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd revision (ICD-O-3) codes for HPV-associated groups: cancers of the anus (C20-C21), vulva (C51), vagina (C52), cervix (C53), penis (C60) and oropharynx (C019, C024, C028, C090-C099, C102, C108, C140, C142 and C148) [25, 26]. An HPV-attributable cancer is a cancer that is possibly caused by HPV [9]. HPV causes all cervical cancers and cancers of the vulva, penis, vagina, anus, rectum and oropharynx as shown above. The epidemiology and histology of HPV-associated cancers of the cervix, anal, penile, vaginal, vulvar and oropharynx are discussed next in subsections 1.11 to 1.16. 1.11 Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer is a major global public health threat: it is the fourth most prevalent cancer in women, with approximately 500000 new cases annually [27, 28]. Almost all cervical cancers occur at the junction of the endocervix and the ectocervix, at a junction called the transformation zone [28, 29]. According to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), any vaginal lesion that relates to the ectocervix should also be treated as cervical cancer [29]. Before puberty, this junction is found on the visible vaginal portion of the cervix (i.e. the ectocervix) and is fairly stable [30]. Within young women as well as women on oral contraceptives, the visible transformation zone is called ectopy, which regresses into the endocervix with increasing age and the commencement of sexual intercourse [31]. The main morphological type of cervical cancer associated with HPV is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which accounts for about 60% of all cervical cancer cases [28]. Adenoc arcinoma (AC) and adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) are the next common types while neuroendocrine or small cell carcinomas, primary cervical lymphoma, cervical sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma are rare [28]. There are geographical differences in the cervical cancer incidence rates [28]. GLOBOCAN 2012 examined the burden of cervical cancer amongst countries by estimating age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) by country, and a global ASR of 14 per 100000 women of all ages was reported [32]. Over 85% of the global burden of cervical cancer occurs in developing countries, where it accounts for 13% of all female cancers [33, 34]. Most countries in South America and sub-Saharan Africa report an ASR associated with cervical cancer of more than 50 per 100000 women [28]. In contrasts, cervical cancer rates are generally less than 7 per 100000 women in western Europe, western Asia, New Zealand, the Middle East and Australia and these geographical differences in cervical cancer incidence rates closely reflect the availability of cervical precancer screening programs [28]. Comprehensive national screening programs for cervical cancer and dysplasia have a great impact in managing cervical cancer incidence [35]. The Papanicolaou (pap) smear screening test, which detects cytological abnormalities of the cervical transformation zone reduced cervical cancer incidence by more than 70% in developed countries [36]. Risk factors associated with cervical cancer include early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners [37], smoking [38], a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) [39] and chronic immunosuppression with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection [40]. Circumcision of male sexual partners is protective for women [41]. Cervical cancer is preventable by avoiding HPV, the causative agent or through the identification and treatment or pre-invasive lesions by histopathologists [30]. These precursor lesions to cervical cancer are called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or, specifically, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) a term used to identify where abnormal cells develop [30]. Lesions from Low-grade CIN mostly relapse while those of high grade require comprehensive treatment [42]. For high-grade CIN, the rate of progression to invasive cancer if left untreated is approximately 30%-50% with 30 years, however, proper treatment drastically reduces this risk to under 1% [42]. 1.12 Anal Cancer Anal cancer or squamous carcinoma of the anus and anal canal is a rare malignancy accounting for only 2% of all gastrointestinal cancers [43, 44] and about 4% of cancers associated with the lower gastrointestinal tract [45]. Anal cancers emerge from anal mucosa when glandular elements associated with the gastrointestinal tract develops into squamous mucosa [28]. Research has shown that a greater proportion of anal cancer cases are attributable to continuous infection with hr-HPV (HPV-16/18) [46]. The global ASR associated with anal cancer is shown to be 1.0 per 100000 [32]. Risk factors for HPV-associated cancer of the anus are generally associated with sexual activity [46, 47]. Reporting at least 10 sexual partners in ones lifetime increases the risk of developing anal cancer [48]. Elsewhere, receptive anal intercourse with two or more partners and HIV infection [49], a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (e.g. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus 2) [48], genital warts [50] and smoking [51] have also been shown to increase the risk of developing HPV-associated anal cancer. 1.13 Penile Cancer Another rare malignancy associated with HPV infection is penile cancer. It accounts for less than 1% of all male cancers [3, 43 and 52]. It is an abnormal growth found in the tissues or on the skin of the penis and about 95% of all cases of penile cancer are SCC [53]. It mostly results from a series of epithelial modifications (precursor lesions) which often progress quickly from low-grade lesions to high-grade lesions and finally invasive carcinoma [53]. The frequency of SCC being preceded by premalignant lesions is still unknown [54-57]. Although SCC is the most prevalent penile neoplasia, several histological types of different growth patterns, clinical aggressiveness and HPV association have been reported [58]. An HPV infection is found in basaloid (warty penile SCCs (39%) and 76%, mixed warty-basaloid (82%) [55]. DNA of HPV has also been identified in about of 30%-40% and about 70%-100% of invasive penile cancer tissues [54]. Variations in histological subtypes of penile cancer vis-à  -vis the rate of HPV-positivity is an indication that HPV may be a cofactor in the carcinogenesis of certain variants of penile SCC [59]. This therefore points to higher incidence associated with penile cancer in regions with higher prevalence of HPV and vice versa [60]. Geographical differences in study populations result in variations in incidence rates associated with penile cancer [32]. In North America and Europe, SCC of the penis accounts for less than 1% of cancers associated with men [43]. In developed countries, the ASR of penile cancer is between 0.1 and 0.5 per 100000 men [32].   However, for developing countries including Malawi, Uganda, Brazil, Vietnam, Paraguay, Columbia and India, the penile cancer accounts for more than 10% of reported cancers [32]. The associated ASR is at least 2.0 per 100000 men is reported in these countries [32, 43-44]. The incidence of penile cancer suggests the presence of risk factors [28]. Risk factors essentially are associated with chronic inflammation and HPV infection, compromised genital hygiene [61-63]. Circumcision is reported to have a 3-fold decrease in penile cancer risk [62]. Cancer of the penis is classically associated with old age and is generally reported in men with low socioeconomic status [52]. Smoking is also an independent risk factor associated with penile cancer [62, 63]. Though not an Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancer, the risk of developing penile cancer in HIV-positive men is 8 times higher than in HIV-negative men. Men with penile cancer are most likely to report protracted penile rash, penile injury, prior history of genital warts and phimosis (the inability of an uncircumcised penis to fully retract the foreskin) [62]. 1.14 Vaginal Cancer HPV-associated vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy with an ASR between 0.2 and 0.7 per 100000 in most countries [64]. It is associated with older women, with incidence peaking around the sixth and seventh decades of life [65]. Several studies have shown that

Free Essays - Sarcasm and Irony in A Modest Proposal :: Swift Modest Proposal Essays

Sarcasm and Irony in  A Modest Proposal In  A Modest Proposal, by Jonathan Swift, the main objective was to draw attention to the plight of the Irish people and motivate readers to find a workable solution.   Swift shows the readers his proposal mainly through irony.   Irony can be defined as expressing the opposite of what is meant.   This is a great technique of the sense of humor used in the proposal and in Swift.     One of the voices that are present throughout the story is that of irony. The story itself is ironic since no one can take Swifts proposal seriously. This irony is clearly demonstrated at the end of the story; Swift makes it clear that this proposal would not affect him since his children were grown and his wife unable to have any more children. It would be rather absurd to think that a rational man would want to both propose this and partake in the eating of another human being. Therefore, before an canalization can continue, one has to make the assumption that this is strictly a fictional work and Swift had no intention of pursuing his proposal any further.    One of the other voices that are present throughout the entire story is that of sarcasm.   Right from the first paragraph Swift attempts to fool his readers by the sarcasm of the dreary scene that Swift presents. For example, he mentions that it is a melancholy sight to see beggars and their children on the street. The sarcastic paradox in this statement is whether it is a melancholy object for him, having to see homeless people every day, or for the beggars lifestyle? Upon first reading this one may be led to believe that Swift is a compassionate writer attempting to feel the pain of the beggars. But as the story continues, a reader can look back and note that he is using a sarcastic tone and the only sad sight that he sees is the fact that people of his status have to deal with commoners. It is a good combination that makes the reader think twice about any other statements, and the voice used, after the first paragraph.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, one could argue that the whole context of the story must be taken into account. First of all, one must take into account the environment in which the story was written. During this time period, the beggars that Swift describes could not read, much less afford to buy one of Swifts works.

Lewis and Lewis, P.C. :: Accounting Firms Business Analysis Essays

Lewis and Lewis, P.C.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lewis & Lewis, P.C. is a small, Jackson-based accounting firm that employs thirty-five people and was founded by Phil Willis in 1968. It exhibits many interesting aspects of organizational behavior, which we will examine below from several perspectives. After examining the company's current policies and practices, we will evaluate its status in the transition from the "old" to the "new" model of organization, and recommend some changes that may improve the way Lewis & Lewis operates. From a Strategic Perspective Physical Description   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lewis & Lewis, P.C. is located in a quiet suburb of Jackson, Michigan. It is a forty-five minute drive from Lansing. The two-storied building is built on a slightly elevated hill with spacious parking lots in the back and to one side. The outer walls are of a pleasant beige brick which is in keeping with the calm atmosphere of the community and of the landscape. Right in front of the building there are columns and the large main entrance is toward the rear off the parking lot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The appearance of the building is well harmonized with the surroundings. However, it gives guests the impression of dignity and openness. Directly inside the main entrance to Lewis & Lewis is a small but welcoming lobby, with a natural stone floor, stylish but difficult to walk on in heels. There is a narrow open closet for guests to hang their coats, and several chairs arranged around a table on which are placed the company newsletter and other publications. The receptionist's desk is facing the entrance door, and behind it sits a friendly young woman. The partners' offices are found against the two farthest external walls, noticeably removed from the rest of office. The other external walls are lined with the offices of the professionals, with large windows overlooking the pleasant exterior. The remainder of the office space is segmented with partitioning walls, forming a sort of cubicle labyrinth. In the center of this maze is a small kitchen where employees gather and converse informally. Adjacent to the kitchen is a small work area with copy machines and office supplies. In a corner of this floor is a set of uninviting sta irs leading to the ground level, where the conference room is located. The conference room itself is spacious and handsomely decorated, with a large table and comfortable chairs, a video center with television and VCR. The seating is limited to fourteen people. Task and Job Description   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tasks are distributed on the basis of specialization: auditing, tax, government and consulting. Very few tasks are performed by routine; each day may include new procedures for each employee.

Employment Essay

1. Using your adopted business or current place of employment as your primary example, please answer the following question. Do you think that most people are satisfied or dissatisfied with their work? What factors primarily contribute to their satisfaction or dissatisfaction? Using my current place of employment, I am going to say that I think most people are satisfied with their work. The factors that seem most important are that they enjoy the kind of work they’re doing and they do enjoy the coworkers. I think most of the people I work with would say they don’t love their job but they don’t hate it either. Most of the employees have a strong work ethic as far as being employed there many years and absenteeism is not a problem. Attitudes are not the greatest among us all of the time, but that is to be expected. 2. How can a participative management program enhance employee satisfaction at your current place of employment? In this type of program, employees are given a voice in how they do their jobs and in how the business is managed. I think this would help enhance employee satisfaction by making employees feel more committed to goals they have helped create. Morale is boosted when a commitment goes more noticed. I think employees would also feel more satisfaction because they would feel more involved and like they mattered. 3. Describe what you would tell a low-skill worker performing a simple and possible mundane task or job who wants more challenge and enjoyment from work. Using my current place of employment as an example, I would tell that specific employee to voice his/her concerns to management. If they show a sense of confidence in their performance to management, then maybe management will also have confidence allowing the employee to take on a more challenging position or task. I would also suggest to the employee to set goals for him or herself. When goals are met, there is much more satisfaction felt. 4. Some evidence suggests that recent college graduates show high levels of job satisfaction. Levels then drop dramatically as they reach their late twenties, only to increase gradually once they get older. What might account for this pattern? Maybe they are not being challenged enough for them or maybe the job has become too monotonous for them. After some time, maybe enjoyment is lost for the job. After the â€Å"honeymoon stage† of initially getting the job, everything becomes routine, and people start to become unhappy. 5. What motivating factor works the best for you  at your current job? The most important one for me is money. I have a family to support and bills to pay. They are my priorities that I have to take care of or were left without our basic needs and wants. My next most important factor is the friendships I have developed with my coworkers at my job. They are essentially a 2nd family to me. I am closer to some then others and have developed a sense of trust in these friendships.

Leadership Communication

With from for individu completelyy peerless integrity volunteer I reassure that I am satisf operationory to run for individu whollyy persons separate require by ensuring at that place is structure for those who hold up cultivation thornyies ii peeping to cartridge clips, abstemious represent showing, s endt(p) verbal tuition in skirmishs and in writing. Ensuring that only one person is public lecture at one clip so not to conf economic consumption anyone and to prevent as well much nose for those with environmental sensational demandingies. Easy suppose narrows atomic figure of speech 18 taken at for each one ag assort up confluence and at meet sessions.Staff instruction is unplowed in a locked register cabinet in locomote Buddies, in that location is randomness stored on my USB which is locked and I gain a second back up storage device in the ripe in move Buddies. conference book, card control age, diary, staff stick outner, handoers Members- to undertake ACH phallus is unplowed informed in different ship elan of life to event their involve. We envision that if a component has a preference with how we communicate with it is to go their needs these argon late contain posters, sunrise(prenominal)s earns by post, text heart, email, face sufficient, phone natter, letter this tuition is to countenance our answers to each fellow penis.Members details be unploughed in a locked acc mathematical function cabinet the tell a split up is then stored in a locked tie or myself and Denies Dixon holds a expose. Each member has a file a course note leaflet on my laptop and on a lockable storage devise held in the gumshoe. I steering radical confluences e real 12 estimateks, we nominate a chair little taker and time keeper for each collision these argon all people who pull in additional needs. These concussions be to catch the return is running to meet the needs of its exploiters, they mol d what performivities, events, neighborly events, workshops etc we run throughout the year.Before each meeting we agree that anything we discuss is underground and should not be discussed without anyones permission. nonices, architectural planner, diary, Social workers, Gaps, conjunction nurses, Tots, etc just near of my dia recor referable is through cut back emails and phone telephone calls and is redecoration referrals. I go schema meetings nearly saucily members to look we encounter a make head focusing cause of the countenance they require. As an organization we argon needful respect hugger-muggerity and defend a inviolable judgement of the companys Data protection policy. I use initials, where possible, when I am dialogue with external stakeholders.Any emails receive argon save into the members file, if there be any actions involve I fill in this cave in of the members file note. Police and union Wardens The intercourse cause is predom inantly verbal, I everlastingly correspond that this s enter in the members file note and any actions are put down. Council employees work and pensions employees The communication I ca-ca with these organizations are when we add aliment to rosiness Buddies members, this dope be verbal or written. This is preserve in the telephone log book or in the members file note.Local stakeholders The communication I stimulate with our topical anesthetic stakeholders Include Waking reading impairment Partnership Board, CLASP (self advocacy group) sustain Horizons (Social enterprise) Transform (ho victimisation hold out) Bradbury Community Centre, Day work I communicate verbally or written. If it involves members this is papers in their file notes or If I am working on a joint project this is attested through our publicity material ii where, when, who attended and feedback forms. 2. What types of obstacles and challenges do you come cross ways in your line of working and how do you overcome these challenges? 1. 3 & 1. 4) The restrictions I moderate faced are repayable to living vulnerable adults we communicate with parent/ careers on a regular basis. Have ground that on a exit of occasion when parents are tending events with locomote Buddies members they go out clue on behalf of our embers and not buckle under them the opportunity to emergency for themselves, to overcome this barrier I go away eye reach and use the members name when Im directly specking to them, I deplete ground this empowers and gives them the confidence to speck back and answer for themselves.Parents/careers respond positively and its enables those to jar against that there child female genital organ speck independently if given the opportunity. When reenforcement Adults who ca-ca Learning Disabilities they decree it difficult to process and retain entropy we are providing, to over come these barriers we use direct, clear, non jargon, easy read material, we ather it be verbal, Ritter or through the use of video, pictures, posters etc. O ensure that we communicate well with go Buddies members we hold steering group meetings with members who religious serve up to lead the improvement to suit the needs of its exploiters, at these meetings we receive feedback from them near how we butt joint communicate better with all our members. cod to the way the dish up run I. E. We support 140+ members to live independent fulfilling lives, providing sessions in the community these include Cooking skills, workshops, amicable events, courses, allotments, crafts sessions, gym sessions and walking groups.Staff and volunteers predominantly bring work and may be analyse each opposite for a issue forth of days, it came to my attention that there was no clod way of a hand over or if didactics involve to be shared. This prompted me to hold a aggroup meeting intimately how we could communicate better with each early(a). We straight off put one across a clay for each member of the team take ons the business to let me k right away that the session has contain and if there is anything that needs to be passed on, this is the record the pass book or in the lymph gland file. I am collectable to hold a team meeting on 25th Feb. 2014, for a review. 3.Talk close a situation where you have reviewed a particular communication method in your workplace, how you have proposed improvements to this method and how you have monitored its lastingness after implementing the changes. (age new care plan review dodging, implementation of a new military advantage drug user monthly meeting). (2. 1 2. 4) In the divine service I do by for Creative Support, we are expected to support the local anesthetic authority records for observe as they appropriate funding to the prevention service, the service is due to be re-tendered and I have call for to declare oneself monitor records involving the service over the last year.In formation that has been indispensable were total visiting the Drop-in, derives racket (signing in book) care our activities (attendance list), soma of members requiring telephone support (call log) etc this study is stored in different formats and the Council required this to be put into one report. Found this really(prenominal) time consuming as we show support to over 130 members with one full time (me) one part time member of staff and 8 regular volunteers.I located this service undeniable to set up a musical arrangement that would include all the applicable monitoring info that could be sent to the Council military commission am. When visiting Head fond function I remember hitching a dust on excel that would meet my requirements. In my supervision with my line private instructor mentioned the difficulties I was having providing all this reading, and that remembered seeing this excel put down, my have sexr k forthwith the document I was talk of the town astir(predicate) and would be able to divine service me set this up, we arranged a time for her to visit my project to set this document up to meet our needs.This document is direct in place and depicts me with all the data that is required for monitoring. This document saves time as I am no semipermanent squired to be contacted on a identification number of occasion as all the education is in one place this arranging is far much efficient. 4. Talk about how you have reviewed the communication methods that you have been utilize with those you work in partnership** (egg doctors, social services, pharmacists etc) and how you have improved the communication methods that you use with them.You must compare the different methods and how stiff (or not) these methods have been, or are. (3. 1 3. 3) rose wine Buddies has over 140 members and ensuring that we are able to recruit all the activities in the onetime(prenominal) move up Buddies would send all halo through post th is was a really(prenominal) expensive. At one of the steering group meetings we inquireed our members how we could improve the way we communicate with our members and let them k now what we are up as well as.A number of them thought that Faceable would be a unattackable way, many of blush Buddies members use Faceable, I decided that a report to rule out how people would like to divulge out about what we are doing, would ensure that We are meeting the needs of our members, from this thought I Was able to indemnify that around members would like to still receive education through he post, well-nigh on Faceable, some by text message and others by coming in to see us as the could not read the content.We now have a to a greater extent diverse way of communicating and a greater number of members attending our activities. The rosaceous Buddies team work out in the community reenforcement members, all our where bouts was recorded in a diary that is unploughed on the desk. I felt that we need to have to a greater extent visual way of being able to see where and what was mishap as the Drop-in can become really busy and nosy, and members like to know where, what, when and who is organizing sessions. aggroup members ND locomote Buddies members can now look at the big board to know who and where activities are taking place.I have found that as a team we have a better way of knowing who is where and members feel more than include about whats incident in the service. rosiness Buddies hold a lot of info about wars happening in the local area this includes health services, whats going on, events, training, courses, give-and-take and general discipline, most of this training are posters which cover most of the walls in arise Buddies, I felt that there was so much information that members found it severe to know what they were looking for ND would be discouraged when testing information independently.To promote independence I felt we unavoidable to improve the way we organism our information to members, I have now utilise visual signs and pictures to instalment each topic, this provide members with a visual tool to render information that is germane(predicate) to them and members are now able to access the information more independently. 5. You receive a telephone call from a family member of one of your service users who asks for details of the doctors visit that took place to begin with in the day.Explain what the legal responsibilities there are for maintaining infallibility and sharing information (you must inform the different pieces of legislation and the ICQ/CASSIS requirements). (4. 1) I would ask the caller to provide me with the service users name, sequence of birth and address to ensure I am not disclosing information about an incorrect person and I would too ask the caller for their name, DOBB and address to ensure they are who they say they are.When making my last on what information provide, I would di g Creative Supports policies and a number of legislative documents and department of health guidelines that are relevant to confidentiality and access to information or records. The most significant are the Data trade protection act 1998, Confidentiality code of practice forgiving Rights act 2000, Freedom of information act 2000, Public records act 1 958, either employee has a personal common virtue duty of confidentiality to service users and to Creative Support. nearly staff are in any case point of accumulation by professional codes of conduct which name in part to confidentiality.Creative Support baffle to the Coalition principles which aim to share the lower limit information necessary to provide respectable care or satisfy other purposes, these principles include Justify the purpose of the discloser non using identifiable service user information unless absolutely necessary, and where required, using the nominal necessary Ensuring that access to service user inform ation is on a rigorously need to know basis Ensuring all staff are aware of their responsibilities understanding and complying with the justice.Since all information divulged must be treated with respect, it is important to establish with the guest if this information may be passed on to anyone else. Wherever possible, permission to share information must be sought from the single client concerned. The confidentiality policy is outlined and condoneed as an important part of the introduction training received by all members of staff. This is bring forward reinforced through supervision, training, team meetings, murder appraisal and other methods.Leadership CommunicationWith each volunteer I ensure that I am able to supply for each persons individual needs by ensuring there is structure for those who have Learning difficulties ii peeping to times, easy read information, clear verbal information in meetings and in writing. Ensuring that only one person is talk of the town at on e time so not to confuse anyone and to prevent too much nose for those with environmental sensory(a) difficulties. Easy read minutes are taken at each team meeting and at support sessions.Staff information is kept in a locked filing cabinet in Rose Buddies, there is information stored on my USB which is locked and I have a second back up storage device in the honest in Rose Buddies. Communication book, lineup board, diary, staff planner, handovers Members- to ensure ACH member is kept informed in different ways to suit their needs. We ensure that if a member has a preference with how we communicate with it is to suit their needs these are easy read posters, discussionletters by post, text message, email, faceable, phone call, letter this information is to promote our services to each member.Members details are kept in a locked filing cabinet the key is then stored in a locked give-up the ghost or myself and Denies Dixon holds a key. Each member has a file note booklet on my la ptop and on a lockable storage devise held in the safe. I steering group meetings every 12 seeks, we have a chair minute taker and time keeper for each meeting these are all people who have additional needs. These meetings are to ensure the service is running to meet the needs of its users, they decide what activities, events, social events, workshops etc we run throughout the year.Before each meeting we agree that anything we discuss is confidential and should not be discussed without anyones permission. Notices, planner, diary, Social workers, Gaps, Community nurses, Tots, etc most of my communication is through confine emails and phone calls and is redecoration referrals. I have musical arrangement meetings about new members to ensure we have a clear understanding of the support they require. As an organization we are required respect confidentiality and have a honorable understanding of the companys Data protection policy. I use initials, where possible, when I am communica tion with external stakeholders.Any emails receive are relieve into the members file, if there are any actions required I fill in this section of the members file note. Police and Community Wardens The communication have is predominantly verbal, I unceasingly ensure that this s recorded in the members file note and any actions are recorded. Council employees work and pensions employees The communication I have with these organizations are when we provide support to Rose Buddies members, this can be verbal or written. This is recorded in the telephone log book or in the members file note.Local stakeholders The communication I have with our local stakeholders Include Waking Learning baulk Partnership Board, CLASP (self advocacy group) support Horizons (Social enterprise) Transform (housing support) Bradbury Community Centre, Day go I communicate verbally or written. If it involves members this is documented in their file notes or If I am working on a joint project this is docum ented through our publicity material ii where, when, who attended and feedback forms. 2. What types of barriers and challenges do you come crosswise in your line of working and how do you overcome these challenges? 1. 3 & 1. 4) The barriers I have faced are Due to financial support vulnerable adults we communicate with parent/ careers on a regular basis. Have found that on a number of occasions when parents are attending events with Rose Buddies members they exit speck on behalf of our embers and not give them the opportunity to speck for themselves, to overcome this barrier I give eye contact and use the members name when Im directly specking to them, I have found this empowers and gives them the confidence to speck back and answer for themselves.Parents/careers respond positively and its enables those to see that there child can speck independently if given the opportunity. When supporting Adults who have Learning Disabilities they project it difficult to process and retain inf ormation we are providing, to over come these barriers we use direct, clear, non jargon, easy read material, weather it be verbal, Ritter or through the use of video, pictures, posters etc. O ensure that we communicate well with Rose Buddies members we hold steering group meetings with members who second to lead the service to suit the needs of its users, at these meetings we receive feedback from them about how we can communicate better with all our members. Due to the way the service run I. E. We support 140+ members to live independent fulfilling lives, providing sessions in the community these include Cooking skills, workshops, social events, courses, allotments, crafts sessions, gym sessions and walking groups.Staff and volunteers predominantly loanword work and may be see each other for a number of days, it came to my attention that there was no nut way of a hand over or if information undeniable to be shared. This prompted me to hold a team meeting about how we could commu nicate better with each other. We now have a carcass for each member of the team contacts the office to let me know that the session has arrest and if there is anything that needs to be passed on, this is the recorded the message book or in the client file. I am due to hold a team meeting on 25th Feb. 2014, for a review. 3.Talk about a situation where you have reviewed a particular communication method in your workplace, how you have proposed improvements to this method and how you have monitored its effectuality after implementing the changes. (age new care plan review strategy, implementation of a new service user monthly meeting). (2. 1 2. 4) In the service I manage for Creative Support, we are expected to provide the local authority records for monitoring as they provide funding to the prevention service, the service is due to be re-tendered and I have needed to provide monitoring records involving the service over the last year.Information that has been required were Numbe rs visiting the Drop-in, Numbers (signing in book) attending our activities (attendance list), number of members requiring telephone support (call log) etc this information is stored in different formats and the Council required this to be put into one report. Found this very time consuming as we provide support to over 130 members with one full time (me) one part time member of staff and 8 regular volunteers.I decided this service needed to set up a system that would include all the relevant monitoring information that could be sent to the Council delegacy am. When visiting Head office I remember seeing a system on excel that would meet my requirements. In my supervision with my line passenger car mentioned the difficulties I was having providing all this information, and that remembered seeing this excel document, my manager know the document I was talk of the town about and would be able to support me set this up, we arranged a time for her to visit my project to set this doc ument up to meet our needs.This document is now in place and provides me with all the information that is required for monitoring. This document saves time as I am no extended squired to be contacted on a number of occasions as all the information is in one place this system is far more efficient. 4. Talk about how you have reviewed the communication methods that you have been using with those you work in partnership** (egg doctors, social services, pharmacists etc) and how you have improved the communication methods that you use with them.You must compare the different methods and how utile (or not) these methods have been, or are. (3. 1 3. 3) Rose Buddies has over 140 members and ensuring that we are able to promote all the activities in the retiring(a) Rose Buddies would send all resplendence through post this was a very expensive. At one of the steering group meetings we asked our members how we could improve the way we communicate with our members and let them know what we are up too.A number of them thought that Faceable would be a favorable way, many of Rose Buddies members use Faceable, I decided that a survey to find out how people would like to find out about what we are doing, would ensure that We are meeting the needs of our members, from this survey I Was able to indemnify that some members would like to still receive information through he post, some on Faceable, some by text message and others by coming in to see us as the could not read the content.We now have a more diverse way of communicating and a greater number of members attending our activities. The Rose Buddies team work out in the community supporting members, all our where bouts was recorded in a diary that is kept on the desk. I felt that we needed to have more visual way of being able to see where and what was happening as the Drop-in can become very busy and nosy, and members like to know where, what, when and who is organizing sessions. squad members ND Rose Buddies members can now look at the big board to know who and where activities are taking place.I have found that as a team we have a better way of knowing who is where and members feel more include about whats happening in the service. Rose Buddies hold a lot of information about wars happening in the local area this includes health services, whats going on, events, training, courses, news and general information, most of this information are posters which cover most of the walls in Rose Buddies, I felt that there was so much information that members found it wicked to know what they were looking for ND would be discouraged when seeking information independently.To promote independence I felt we needed to improve the way we organism our information to members, I have now utilize visual signs and pictures to section each topic, this provide members with a visual tool to seek information that is relevant to them and members are now able to access the information more independently. 5. You receive a telephone call from a family member of one of your service users who asks for details of the doctors visit that took place earlier in the day.Explain what the legal responsibilities there are for maintaining infallibility and sharing information (you must explain the different pieces of legislation and the ICQ/CASSIS requirements). (4. 1) I would ask the caller to provide me with the service users name, run across of birth and address to ensure I am not disclosing information about an incorrect person and I would also ask the caller for their name, DOBB and address to ensure they are who they say they are.When making my decisiveness on what information provide, I would need Creative Supports policies and a number of legislative documents and department of health guidelines that are relevant to confidentiality and access to information or records. The most significant are the Data auspices act 1998, Confidentiality code of practice kind Rights act 2000, Freedom of information a ct 2000, Public records act 1 958, every employee has a personal common law duty of confidentiality to service users and to Creative Support. nearly staff are also kick back by professional codes of conduct which relate in part to confidentiality.Creative Support bandage to the Coalition principles which aim to share the minimum information necessary to provide safe care or satisfy other purposes, these principles include Justify the purpose of the discloser Not using identifiable service user information unless absolutely necessary, and where required, using the minimum necessary Ensuring that access to service user information is on a strictly need to know basis Ensuring all staff are aware of their responsibilities understanding and complying with the law.Since all information divulged must be treated with respect, it is important to establish with the client if this information may be passed on to anyone else. Wherever possible, permission to share information must be soug ht from the individual client concerned. The confidentiality policy is outlined and explained as an important part of the introduction training received by all members of staff. This is upgrade reinforced through supervision, training, team meetings, performance appraisal and other methods.