Friday, January 10, 2020

Effects Of Cinema On The Youth Of G.C.U.F

Researcher draws his study on the topic of effects on the youth of GCUF because in the view of researcher it is the major social problem of a society that the youth of society is in immature hands. The cinema -or the 7th art as referred by some- has had a major impact on young ages for decades now. As in teenage hood individuals find themselves at a predicament, having to foster their personality and cultivate their thinking and their interests, cinema constitutes a vital influence. Through movies, people are able to assess situations, discriminate the â€Å"good† and the â€Å"bad†. As Aristotle said, via the ancient Greek theatre, the audience has the opportunity to watch imaginary situations, commiserate with the protagonists and worry about his own destiny. For instance, in â€Å"Helen† of Euripides, Helen is forced to stay away from the husband Menelaus.Thus, the viewers develop worries that this might append to them as well. In this way, â€Å"oiktos† (pity) and â€Å"phobos† (fear) emerge and the theyis rendered an educational experience for the individuals. Like so, nowadays, cinema portrays a very educational role, as youth can learn to think, to be opinionated. Nevertheless, sometimes, the cinema can have bad influence, especially with the excessive amount of violence and nudity. Therefore, it is in our interest to protect and preserve the value of good cinema and stop this epidemic of violence, fighting and by all means, pornographic industry, for the sake of youngsters. I hope I gave you an insight of the effects of cinema on teenagers.INTRODUCTIONMovies definitely impact the youth. Young people who have not had ample time to develop the brain capacity to evaluate the actual consequences of their actions.Kids will copy what they see, without being able to consider what the risk is. Remember the movie The Program? I believe it showed some young people lying down on the center line of a road – and a bunch of i ncidents happened in real life after that, and of course, to much more negative results.There are many incidents of learning new lingo from movies. I would say that Clueless gave us more slang / catch phrases than anything else in recent memory. â€Å"Whatever† â€Å"as if† â€Å"I'm out tie† to name a few. They created a way of speaking that filtered through the youth of the nation and actually stuck for quite awhile. I still hear these phrases off and on today.And then I could always bring up the horrifying rise in teen sexual activity. Pretty much every movie out there portrays fornication as normal and expected behavior. But †¦ the movies don't show the reality of what happens in the lives of those involved after the fact. There are so many more teen pregnancies and ruined lives today than there were in the 50’s when couples slept in twin beds on TV. 🙂 Sex is all around us, and the message is clear, â€Å"if you're not sleeping around w ith lots of people, there's something wrong with you† and we're seeing the ruined lives to prove that message is getting into their heads. There are also some effects of cinemas on the people especially on the youth of GCUF. It affects the studies, morality, ethics and the cultural innovation of the university youth.Key terms: cinema, obscenity, immorality, Lessing of ethics, studiesCinema: cinema is that place where people have to go to watch movies on the big screen. The history of cinema is too old. Cinema has its own importance  in the society. Every new movie must release in the cinema and people go there to watch that movie.Obscenity: obscenity means the absence of ethics, absence of the idea of sin and virtue where to show off his/her body is not being understand wrongly.Immorality: morals and ethics have too much importance in the society especially n Pakistani society which is based on Islam. As we are Muslim and it is our duty to make sure this that our children an d the upcoming generation teaches the morals how to become a useful Pakistani and become good Muslim.Lessing of ethics: ethics teach us how to present you in the society. You can say it the pathway to the Jinnah in the ideology of Islam. It teaches us how to speak, how to learn, what is the ideology of sin and virtue? And each and every thing which is taught to us by Holy Prophet (S.A.W. W)Studies: studies are the knowledge which we gain from any institution. Studies main objective in the modern society is to get a good job. But the effects of cinema industry on the youth of Pakistan is leaving very bad impression and getting them far away from studies that’s why the student of GCUF are not concentrating on the studies.Hypothesis no. 1: it seems that cinemas are the reason of obscenity, immorality and lessen of ethics on the youth of Pakistan.Hypothesis no. 2: leaves strong effects on the immature minds of the youth.Hypothesis no. 3: it has said that the reason of the low att endance of the students in classes is also because of the nearby cinema of the university.Hypothesis no. 4: the trend of the bunking from the classes is also due to the nearby cinema of the GC University and often student found there watching movies.Research QuestionsQ1: Cinemas are leaving very bad impression on the youth of university.Q2: Are cinemas spreading the western culture in the university youth?Q3: Are cinemas are the reason of the bad grades of the students and this is also the reason those students do not pay much attention towards their studies.Q4: It has shown that cinemas are involved in producing obscenity in the youth.Q5: Many crimes such as burglary, murder, mobile phone snatching and fights among university students are the reason of the movies.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Essay Sociology and Religion - 1158 Words

We all have some experience with religion. Whether our parents are religious, our own religious views, or others who try and convert you to a religion, we have all come in contact with a religion. But what do sociology and religion have to do with each other? The answer to this question is that religion meets sociology in the affects that it has on an individual or society (Schaefer, Richard T, 2009, pg 323). What is a religion? A religion is defined by Richard Schaefer as a unified system of beliefs and practices that relate to what is believed to be sacred (Schaefer, Richard T, 2009, pg 323). There are many world religions, such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hindu, and so forth, and while all of these different religions are†¦show more content†¦This theory stats that society is structured in a way that maintains its stability (Schaefer, Richard T, 2009, pg 14) How can one use this theory to look at religion? A famous functionalist Emile Durkheim divided the world in to the sacred which holds important significance such as a cross, and the profane which is just an ordinary object that holds no significance (Stevens, William J, 2008). According to William J Stevens, while Durkheim had removed God from religion, he still felt it was a positive force that could unite a society under similar beliefs and values (Stevens, William J, 2008). Bronislaw Malinowski found that religion can perform a function of creating societal solidarity due to religion being a psychological response to the needs of society during times of anxiety (Stevens, William J, 2008). Malinowski also stated that religion can provide security when one is faced with situations that may be out of their control (Stevens, William J, 2008). Talcott Parsons added to this by stating that religion makes the values of a society legitimate (Stevens, William J, 2008). This could in turn also cause conflict amongst society which would serve as a dysfunction such as the religions in the United States creating a battle against the liberal secular movement (Schaefer, Richard T, 2009, pg 337). One could also use the conflict theory to look at Religion as well. The conflict theory isShow MoreRelatedsociology in religion1257 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿A Critical Analysis of Putnam, Robert D., and David E. Campbell. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York: Simon Schuster, 2010. Print, pp 1-246 In a renowned examination to approach religion as a sociological study, respected scholars Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbell trek through the social history of our nation over the past few decades and the affects that have consequently—or thankfully—been left on religious institutions. While the authors explore detailed culturalRead MoreSociology and Religion1517 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Religion plays a major role in American society today. The stance that people take on their religion can affect the social and political choices that they make. Having a loving God view and relationship with him also takes place in these decisions being made. Researchers Unnever, Bartkowski and Cullen explore in their article, â€Å"God Imagery and Opposition to Abortion and Capital Punishment: A Partial Test of Religious Support for the Consistent Life Ethic†, as to whether having a closeRead More Sociology and Religion Essay example1028 Words   |  5 Pages which cause anxiety and they continue to perform their means of production as a formed unit. The power elite’s fear of being overthrown by the poor of the world is fueled with sheer determination and consistency to stay on top. In the article â€Å"Sociology and Sexuality† women and women’s sexuality is stated to be oppressed with the poor of the people and is examined through human rights, religiou s desacralization, religious sacralization, women’s human rights and social conditioning. The concern forRead MoreEssay Webers Approach to Religion and Sociology1706 Words   |  7 PagesWebers Approach to Religion and Sociology Webers general approach to sociology is known as verstehen sociology; that human action is directed by meaning and that action can only be understood by appreciating the world-view of the social actor concerned. Since religion is an important component of the social actors world-view, religious beliefs can direct social actionRead MoreThe Relationship Connecting the Sociology of Religion and World-Building1035 Words   |  5 Pagesthe study of the sociology of religion. Berger is particularly interested in the social construction of religion as perpetuated by humankind and the dichotomies of the secular and the religious. As a component of social reality, religion, according to Peter Berger, is a â€Å"dialectical phenomenon† (3). Society is a dialectic phenomenon in that it is a human product, and nothing but a human product, that yet continuously acts back upon its producer. Society is a product of man. Religion emerges out ofRead MoreEmile Durkheim s Influence On Society850 Words   |  4 Pagesattending a rabbinical school at a young age but eventually decided not to continue on that path and instead became an agnostic. He eventually went on to become a philosophy teacher and is considered to have played a pivotal roll in the rise of sociology. Durkheim believed that society shaped every aspect of human thought and behavior. He promoted the importance of society and suggests that without it things like art, family, laws and morality could not exist. He insists that although we are allRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Robert Bellahs Civil Religion Essay example1088 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Civil Religion In America by Robert H. Bellah Robert N. Bellah Civil Religion In America was written in the winter of 1967 and is copyrighted by the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences from the issue entitled religion in America. In his writings Bellah Explains the idea and workings of Civil Religion in the United States; this chapter was written for a Dà ¦dalus conference on American Religion in May 1966. It was reprinted with commentsRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The United Kingdom After The European Union Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesduring times when the economic status is fluctuating in the world? Therefore, this leads to my proposal: I suggest researchers conduct a study to see how people react to performance levels of the economy by turning to religion as their solution. Brief Literature Review People Seeking Religion During times when a country is economically growing, people are less likely to engage with religious affiliates or engage religious practices/traditions. Jochen Hirschile proposes that during economic growth, peopleRead MoreCritically Examine Sociological Views of Sects in Society Today (33marks)999 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Jehovah’s witnesses; the social background of sect members tends to be connected with the lower classes who may feel oppressed by the state. However, by the fact that Martin (1978) says that the term secularisation should be banned from the sociology terminology means that Sects, and other outside movements, clearly don’t have that big an effect on society, showing a critical judgement on Troeltsch, who describes sects to have many followers within the lower classes. However if this was the caseRead MoreMarx, Weber and Religion2182 Words   |  9 PagesReligion, as defined by the High Court of Australia, is ‘a complex of beliefs and practices which point to a set of values and an understanding of the meaning of existence’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005) and can be studied either substantively or functionally (Berger 1974:126). Substantive studies of religion fall predominantly in the realm of theology and are more concerned with defining religious beliefs; their historical accuracy; and the existence of supernatural entities (Holmes, Hughes

Wednesday, December 25, 2019

What Has to be Done About Doctoral Dissertation Before You Miss Your Chance

What Has to be Done About Doctoral Dissertation Before You Miss Your Chance The options are limitless, states Williamson, the TimeSlips coordinator. For instance, your supervisor may counsel you to compose a brief proposal or. There's no formal process for developing a dissertation committee. These points are only a summary of eligibility to make an application for a DDG. Literature Review The research gives a brief overview of the literature on the prevailing body of information within the area of study that they have to investigate to proceed with their research. It's possible for you to rework your analysis when you choose to publish it by yourself. Explains no matter how the analysis would augment or produce the current literature within the existent field. Finding the Best Doctoral Dissertation No information is going to be lost. You can trust the very best essay help online. Our site is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. 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Tuesday, December 17, 2019

How Can A Group s Schema Or Personal Beliefs - 944 Words

For my Extended Essay, my research question is: â€Å"How can a group’s schema or personal beliefs in regards to racism and gun control, can affect the world that we live in today?† My knowledge question will be focus on schemas which flows in the psychology section. Schema is a plan that is in a form of outline, or in physiology terms, it’s a conception of what is common to all members of a class. For this essay my question will flow into a world studies paper which will contain the areas of Psychology and History. In order to do this topic, I will use the two subtopics that I have chosen which are, racism and gun control, and analyze them in regards towards schemas. From this, I am trying to figure out how does a group’s or a person’s†¦show more content†¦Schema is use in many studies for example: Barlett (1932) â€Å"War of the Ghost† study, Brewer and Treyens (1981) â€Å"picnic basket† study, Allport and Postman (1947) â €Å"Schema and constructive memory† study, and Rogoff and Wadell (1982) study. In Bartlett (1932) â€Å"War of the Ghost â€Å"study, Bartlett aimed to investigate the effect culture on memory. In his method, Bartlett had the participants read a folk tale, â€Å"The War of the Ghosts†. He tested their memory using serial and repeated reproduction, in which he asked them to recall it several times. Bartlett found that both of his methods had similar results. As the number of reproductions increased, the story became shorter and words were changed. In the Brewer and Treyens (1981) â€Å"picnic basket† study, they were trying to see whether if schema of an office would affect memory. For this, the participants were sent into an office and left for 35 seconds before taken into another room to see if they can remember things from the office they were in earlier. The result was that the participants recalled things of a typical office according to their mind, so the participants’ schema of an office influenced their memory. In the Allport and Postman (1947) â€Å"Schemas and constructive memory† study, they were seeing if schemas can affect recall. For the methods, white and black people were used in this study. White participants were shown a picture of a well-dressed black man and a white man holding a cut throat

Monday, December 9, 2019

Billie Holidays Essay Example For Students

Billie Holidays Essay Billie Holidays Strange Fruit changed the world; of that there is no doubt. Born in an America deeply enveloped in its own rapid metamorphosis, Holiday placed herself at the vanguard for change and equality in 1939 upon her initial performance of the song in Caf Society, New Yorks first integrated nightclub. Like any other act of defiance, it was met with resistance by many and in some instances even violence; illustrating clearly the division between the people this song addressed and their interpretations of its message. The songs message was hidden behind the analogy of fruit on trees which in fact symbolized the lynching of black men and women in Americas southern states; the blacks, different and foreign to the white people who had occupied the land before them were themselves the strange fruit which swung from the poplar trees and were plucked by crows. For African Americans, the emotions initially inspired by Strange Fruit may have been predominantly senses of disgust wrought by the vivid imagery painted by Holidays simple and harsh sounding words and contempt for those who perpetuated the act described. But that was not all the song was for it had a purpose greater than that of merely describing an injustice or inspiring even more negativity between the two ethnicities. For all the African Americans who had known oppression and prejudice at the hands of their white bosses, co-workers and strangers both seen and unseen, Strange Fruit existed as a brave embodiment of the truth they all knew and felt in their bones in a time when the truth was not permitted. It enabled finally, defiance without fear of direct repercussion for it itself was too subtle an assault. For white Americans, the interpretation of and more importantly, reaction to Strange Fruit depended on ones level of education, thoughtfulness and exposure to concepts uncommonly present in white society. For those with morals and education, Strange Fruit would have inspired shame but more importantly, the desire to change and eradicate the kinds of injustice portrayed; as was the songs very purpose. Unfortunately, people such as these were far from the majority at the time. The more common reaction however, was that of the plainly ignorant: anger. It may have dawned on some, the immorality of the kinds of atrocities their society had deemed acceptable, but to react in anger would have been much less painful than accepting the misery ones own life had caused others. As well as this, change is hard, and to effectually re-teach people that they were wrong and were in fact equal to the people they had treated with disdain their whole lives was as impossible as teaching old dogs a new trick. Others simply believed that they were indeed superior to black people and that being questioned at all was an affront to their authority. And for the very few who understood the song to the fullest degree, anger was the response the ironic picture painted which contradicted the souths gallant reputation. Resultantly, Columbia, the company that produced Holidays records up till that point refused to be affiliated in any way with her song as were many so called progressive radio stations. To Holidays cry for change, as with all demonstrations of resistance, there existed only two responses; two paths on which to set out on. The following choice is seldom hard to make; one picks whichever benefits them the most and makes the most sense. To humanity today, the side of equality seems like the only real choice provided and it is difficult to comprehend how, at that time, so many had chosen otherwise or had been so slow to convince; especially when convincing shouldnt have been necessary. The problem lay in ignorance. The problem was not that the whites were not inherently evil; they just did not know any better.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Microsoft Corporation and Antitrust

Table of Contents The monopoly Issue Divestiture Microsoft’s market dominance Judge Jackson’s Remedy The monopoly Issue I strongly refuse to agree with the idea that Microsoft is a monopoly. The charges put forward against Microsoft of engaging in anticompetitive and exclusionary practises were strategies by its competitors to curb Microsoft’s growing popularity and success. Microsoft was legally practising its technology advancement and competition plans to gain more market control.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft Corporation and Antitrust specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the case of the Netscape’s navigator and Microsoft’s internet explorer, the Department of Justice alleged that Microsoft blatantly and illegally tried to monopolise the browser. Using its market control power, Microsoft strategized on how to popularise its browser by bundling the IE with its operating system, after Netscape refused on dividing the browser market. If the Netscape’s navigator was superior to Internet Explore as was asserted by many practitioners, then consumers would gone ahead to buy and install Netscape’s browser other than using the Microsoft’s browser. Previously, Netscape controlled the internet browser market, but it was after the introduction of the internet explorer it started losing to Microsoft browser due to it superiority qualities thus the rise of its IE shares from 5% to almost 50% by mid 1998. Furthermore, Netscape had plans of using its navigator technology to make Microsoft’s Windows obsolete, but on discovering this Microsoft strategized by bundling its IE to its operating system as it did with other of its software application. Finally, as the also viewed, consumer had a variety of alternatives for computing solutions. Microsoft therefore, was not a monopoly but rather firm, that had acquired market control through it innovativeness in software technology. However, there were cases of anticompetitive activities in Microsoft. Divestiture In order to prevent such cases of interferences and malpractices in future, I am of the opinion that Microsoft be split. This would ensure a levelled playing ground for all competitive firms in the market place and ensure consumers obtained their computing solutions from the desired and preferred source. Furthermore, this would encourage more software technology inventions and development in operating systems and application systems than ever before, exposing consumers to a wide variety of technology. Microsoft’s market dominance On whether Microsoft used it market power to prevent potential competitors from challenging its market dominance position in operating system, I would say no. Consumers looking for computing solutions had options from which to make their selection. Among the choices were a variant of UNIX’s operating syst em, Mac 05 and of course Microsoft’s Windows. Microsoft used its innovation, value for products and constant product improvement besides its business strategies to capture the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is what its competitors lacked hence made it difficult for them to penetrate the market while at the same time Microsoft became dominant. For instance, Microsoft strategized on how to promote its operating system by introducing application software’s that operated on windows. On my personal opinion, this was a strategy rather that a restriction. Judge Jackson’s Remedy According to Judge Jackson’s final judgement on November 5, 1999, in his findings of fact, some of the remedies were appropriate while others were too harsh for Microsoft. For instance, splitting Microsoft was an appropriate move for this would bring and allow more s oftware application manufactures on board the system. Prohibiting the operating system and applications businesses from merging or going into agreements with one another or other enterprises will ensure a more favourable market conditions to all parties. On other hand, ordering Microsoft disclose its technical information and communication interfaces used in Windows was a too harsh Judgement as it was a bias against Microsoft in favour of its competitors. This essay on Microsoft Corporation and Antitrust was written and submitted by user Sub-Mar1ner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free sample - Difference in Death. translation missing

Difference in Death. Difference in DeathThe Death of Ivan llyich and Strider: The Story of a Horse; are two pieces of literary work written by Tolstoy. The former came into being in 1886. The cardinal subject matter in that book is death. The book came in the limelight following his transition in religion back in 1870. The novel revolves around a forty five year old judge who is experiencing marital problems until such a time when he dies. â€Å"Strider† is one of the most interesting stories of Russian origin which Leo Tolstoy left unfinished only for Kholstomer to finish it later. Strider is a horse who narrates his ordeal and experience in the hands of different masters to the fellow horses until when he meets his death just as the story comes to an end. The thematic issues expressed by Tolstoy in this short narrative are exploitation and death. This particular article is written in an attempt to compare and contrast representations of death in the above mentioned texts by Leo Tolstoy. The arti cle will answer questions on how one should approach death basing the argument on these two books. The article will also analyze the characters used in the stories to embody Tolstoy’s ideal. In these two stories, it is evident that the approach of death begins with having a proper attitude towards life. In Ivan’s story, the author takes the reader through his life some years back when he was a very young man studying law. On clearing school, he manages to secure a job and moves to stay in another town. He gets married to Praskovya and problems start in their life immediately. This, from the author’s disposition is the beginning of Ivan’s death. In ‘Strider’, the horse story, the authors opens the story from a second point of view before the horse is allowed a chance to narrate his ordeal to the other horses. His life in the farm was not at its best, it is described as being old and bad looking, and his entire body was weak with his skin completely worn out. From Ivan’s story, death encompasses his life starting from his marriage. When he gets into trouble with his wife, Ivan decides to stay away from his family. While he goes to work he presents himself differently and changes abruptly while he arrives at home. In the same breath, his dream of becoming the top judge is slapped with an unexpected death and this saw him evacuating with his family to upcountry. In this text, the two deaths that encompass Ivan’s life is an indication that his real death is slowly by slowly approaching. This can be seen being fuelled by his failed marriage to Praskovya and failure to receive a promotion at his place of work. In ‘Strider’, the story of a horse, his death is slowly brought to the attention of the reader going by the mistreatment he gets from Nester. Being an old horse, he is harassed by the rest while grazing and quenching thirst. His weak foreleg seems to have met its death way before his real death. Comparing the h orse, and Ivan, one can deduce that, no matter how these two try to look at life in a positive way, they are frustrated at different points in their life adding salt to injury and so their deaths continues coming closer. In ‘The Death of Ivan llyich’, when he moves with his family to another place, Ivan looks for a better job and lucky enough he gets. He decides to buy a house and he moves his family in. going by this particular disposition, it is clearly seen that death is being distanced from the life of the main character. This comes after Ivan gets a job with help of a friend. He is completely settled ready to move on with his life. On the other hand, strider’s life takes a different turn when he begins to narrate his ordeal from when he was young. All the horses become interested to listen to his story. In the mind of the reader, the old, sick and weak horse is presented differently. His life which was painted so gloomy before the narration is being presented differently by the same horse. Just like Ivan’s life is taking a different turn away from death, so is Strider. The author in the two stories has given each a new life probably meant for plot development. However, death courts Ivan as soon as he settles down in his new home; he feels totally uncomfortable and decides to seek help from medical experts. After paying several visits to different doctors, he ends up getting more confused and he is not himself anymore. His outward appearance changes drastically and his mind started experiencing images of him dead. This serves as a wake call to him and he realizes indeed he is going to die. The approach of death in a systematic way by the author can clearly be seen. Despite the fact that, by him visiting doctors did not arrest the situation, is a deliberate move by the author to kill Ivan. In the same breath, Strider is slowly but surely taken towards his death by the author. This is clearly seen when he terms as experience his being changed fro one hand to the next. He recalls with nostalgia how he served two masters probably for the longest time in his career. The most unfortunate incidence was while he was serving a prince who almost caus ed his life. Since that time strider admits that the feeling that he will one day die has always courted him. In the two stories, it can be seen that, these two parties are confused with feelings of death at one time in their life. This is only a preparation for their real death that awaits him. In Ivan’s story, nobody seems to agree with him that he is almost approaching his death. People who are close to him just associate his condition with sickness. While in this stage, he realizes that, his only son Vasya seems to understand his condition better than anybody else. The nightmare that encompasses his mind leaves him in a very devastated situation. His journey towards death is characterized by pain and cannot move from his house. Death is surely some steps away. He starts looking at his past life and all this does not seem to make sense to him now that he is dying. The nightmare keeps coming in his mind but he is suddenly struck by a force in his chest. In his last minute to die, he quickly looks at all he had including his wife, and sees all this as a dream which never was. He dies seconds later. In the story of a horse, Strider meets his death after an a deal was sealed between his master and the veterinary. The two agree to cut his throat and this happens the fol lowing day when Strider as usual, did not go for herding but instead he was carried away meet his death with a knife. While cutting his throat, he did not seem to realize what was happening until suddenly when he felt a little pain and the burden he had carried in entire life came to an end at once. He was not frightened nor taken by surprise. According to Tolstoy, the steady approach toward death is accompanied by the realization of its strange power which leaves one devastated. This is what happens to Ivan and Strider. These two characters have been used throughout the narration by the author to deliver his information to the reader. These are the two characters alongside others who embodies Tolstoy’s ideal.